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BOOK 5 · BIBLIOGRAPHY

The Strategy of the In-Between

Seven mirrors that make Korea indispensable

The principal sources cited in this book are organized by chapter. Key references for each chapter have been selected to support further exploration by the reader. Where the same source is used across multiple chapters, full bibliographic information appears only at the chapter of first mention.

Prologue — A Nation Forced to Choose

Books

  • Ian Morris, Why the West Rules — For Now (Geulhangari, 2013)

Reports and Data

  • IMF, World Economic Outlook, October 2025
  • Belfer Center, "South Korea — Critical and Emerging Technologies Index 2025" (June 2025)
  • OpenAI, South Korea Economic Blueprint (October 2025)

Articles and Online Sources

  • "How Will South Korea Navigate US-China Competition in 2025?", Brookings Institution (2025)
  • "Clashes of Techno-Statecraft: US-China Technology Rivalry and South Korea's Strategy", Business and Politics (Cambridge Core, 2024)

Chapter 1 — The Triple MonopolyFrom the Hansa to the VOC

Books

  • Philippe Dollinger, The German Hansa (Stanford University Press, 1970)
  • Fernand Braudel, Civilization and Capitalism, 15th-18th Century, Vol. 2: The Wheels of Commerce (Harper & Row, 1982)
  • Donald Harreld (ed.), A Companion to the Hanseatic League (Brill, 2015)
  • Jonathan Israel, The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806 (Oxford University Press, 1995)
  • Jan de Vries & Ad van der Woude, The First Modern Economy: Success, Failure, and Perseverance of the Dutch Economy, 1500–1815 (Cambridge University Press, 1997)
  • Lodewijk Petram, The World's First Stock Exchange (Columbia University Press, 2014)

Reports and Data

  • UNESCO World Heritage Centre, "Hanseatic City of Lübeck" (official inscription record)
  • Oscar Gelderblom, "The Dutch Economy in the Golden Age (16th–17th Centuries)", EH.net Encyclopedia

Articles and Online Sources

  • "The Hanseatic League", World History Encyclopedia (worldhistory.org)
  • "The Rise and Fall of the Hanseatic League", Works in Progress
  • "The Hanseatic League: Logistics as a Tool of Power", Janus Observatory
  • "How Lübeck Faded, While Hamburg Survived — Trade Disruption from the Dutch", LSE EUROPP Blog (2018)
  • "Amsterdam as the Cradle of Modern Futures Trading and Options Trading, 1550–1650", ResearchGate
  • "The Bank of Amsterdam", beursgeschiedenis.nl
  • "Dutch East India Company", World History Encyclopedia

Chapter 2 — The Price of NeutralitySwitzerland, Finland, and the Lessons of the Cold War

Books

  • James Breiding, Swiss Made: The Untold Story Behind Switzerland's Success (Profile Books, 2013)
  • Clive Church & Randolph Head, A Concise History of Switzerland (Cambridge University Press, 2013)
  • Max Jakobson, Finland in the New Europe (Praeger, 1998)
  • Bruce Cumings, Korea's Place in the Sun (W.W. Norton, 2005)

Reports and Data

  • Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA), "Finland's NATO Accession" (2023)
  • RAND Corporation, "Technology Innovation and Geopolitics: Policy Options for South Korea" (RRA2969-1)

Articles and Online Sources

  • "The Day Switzerland Became Neutral", SWI swissinfo.ch
  • "Switzerland Is Getting Squeezed Between China and the US", SWI swissinfo.ch
  • "Bilateral Agreements — Switzerland and the EU", Swiss Federal Department of Foreign Affairs (eda.admin.ch)
  • "Finlandisation: The Historical Model and Its Lessons", Diplomacy & Statecraft, Vol. 27, No. 3 (Tandfonline, 2016)
  • "Large Trade Shocks and Economic Crises: The Case of Finnish-Soviet Trade Collapse", CEPR VoxEU
  • "Brückenbauer? Austrian Foreign Policy in Central and Eastern Europe", VE Insight
  • "Korea Between the United States and China", Korea Economic Institute of America (KEIA)
  • "Strategic Hedging of Middle Powers", DiverseAsia / Seoul National University

Chapter 3 — Designed IndispensabilityLee Kuan Yew and Singapore

Books

  • Lee Kuan Yew, From Third World to First: The Singapore Story, 1965–2000 (HarperCollins, 2000)
  • Michael D. Barr, Singapore: A Modern History (I.B. Tauris, 2008)
  • Kent E. Calder, Singapore: Smart City, Smart State (Brookings Institution Press, 2016)

Reports and Data

  • Ravi Menon, "An Economic History of Singapore: 1965–2065", MAS Keynote Address (2015)
  • IMF, "Singapore Economic Development Strategy" (IMF eLibrary)
  • U.S. Congressional Research Service, "U.S.-Singapore Relations" (IF10228, 2025)
  • SWFI, GIC Profile (ifswf.org)

Articles and Online Sources

  • Lee Kuan Yew press conference official transcript, August 9, 1965, National Archives of Singapore (nas.gov.sg)
  • "The Origins of the Asia Dollar Market 1968–1986", Financial History Review (Cambridge Core, 2020)
  • "The Suzhou Industrial Park Experiment", Journal of Contemporary China, Vol. 13, No. 38
  • Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Singapore, official water agreement documents (mfa.gov.sg)
  • A\*STAR, "Biopolis — Ten Years On" (research.a-star.edu.sg)
  • Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA), "The Marina Bay Story"

Chapter 4 — The Silicon ShieldTaiwan

Books

  • Chris Miller, Chip War (Scribner, 2022) [Korean edition: Buki, 2023]

Reports and Data

  • TSMC official technical documentation, "2nm Technology" (tsmc.com)
  • Counterpoint Research, "Global Pure Foundry Market Share" (updated quarterly)
  • RAND Corporation, "From Strategic Ambiguity to Strategic Anxiety" (March 2025)

Articles and Online Sources

  • "The Silicon Empire: TSMC's Revolution and Morris Chang's Legacy", Quartr
  • "TSMC Founder: 'In the Chip Sector, Globalization Is Dead'", CommonWealth Magazine
  • "Taiwan's 'Silicon Shield' Could Be Weakening", MIT Technology Review (August 2025)
  • "Silicon Shield or Silicon Trap?", SSRN (Hörster)
  • "Has the Shield Become a Snare?", Australian Institute of International Affairs
  • "How ASML Took Over the Chipmaking Chessboard", MIT Technology Review (April 2024)
  • "Taiwan's Semiconductor Talent Shortage", The Diplomat (February 2024)
  • "Apple iPhone Maker Foxconn Being Investigated in China", CNN (October 2023)

Chapter 5 — From Battlefield to UnicornIsrael

Reports and Data

  • Israel Innovation Authority, The State of High-Tech 2025 (innovationisrael.org.il)
  • World Bank, Israel R&D/GDP data (data.worldbank.org)
  • RAND Corporation, "Chinese Investment in Israel" (RR3176)
  • ETH Zürich, "Unit 8200 Trends Analysis" (CSS Cyber Reports, 2019)

Articles and Online Sources

  • "Israel Mobilizes Tech Talent Through Unit 8200", Bismarck Brief
  • "Unit 8200 — A Conveyor Belt of High-Tech Startups", Interesting Engineering
  • "From Wiz's $32B Exit: The Blueprint for Israeli Cyber Success", Calcalist
  • "Israel's Startup Nation Is Under Threat from the Tech Giants That Nurtured It", MIT Technology Review (2019)
  • "Israel Toughens Foreign Investment Screening", Foundation for Defense of Democracies (2022)
  • "The Israel-China-US Triangle and the Haifa Port Project", Middle East Institute
  • "Battered by Gaza War, Israel's Tech Sector in Recovery Mode", Al-Monitor (February 2026)
  • "War-Weary Israel Faces Growing Exodus of Skilled Elite", Bloomberg (February 2026)
  • Startup Nation Central, "434 Multinational R&D Centers" (startupnationcentral.org)

Chapter 6 — Regulation Is a ProductSingapore

Reports and Data

  • Smart Nation and Digital Government Office of Singapore, National AI Strategy 2.0 (NAIS 2.0) (December 2023)
  • Infocomm Media Development Authority of Singapore (IMDA), "National Multimodal LLM Programme"
  • GIC, Annual Report 2024/25 (report.gic.com.sg)
  • CSET Georgetown, "Examining Singapore's AI Progress"

Articles and Online Sources

  • "How Singapore Made Itself Indispensable as Gateway for Chinese AI", Lowy Institute
  • "Singapore Becomes Refuge for Investors and Startups Escaping US-China Tensions", Global Venturing
  • "How 'Poisonous Shrimp' Singapore Became the US's Undeclared Ally in Asia", SCMP
  • "Singapore Forced to Choose Between US and China", Foreign Policy (2021)
  • "Seoul's Push to Be Asia's Financial Hub", KED Global (2023)
  • SingStat, Singapore Foreign Direct Investment Statistics 2024 (singstat.gov.sg)
  • Ministry of Manpower of Singapore (MOM), Foreign Employment Statistics (mom.gov.sg)

Chapter 7 — The Power of the Technology BottleneckThe Netherlands and ASML

Reports and Data

  • ASML, 2024 Annual Report (asml.com)
  • ASML, 2025 Q4 Financial Results (asml.com)
  • Government of the Netherlands, "Announcement of Expanded Semiconductor Export Controls" (government.nl, September 2024)
  • Counterpoint Research, "ASML 2025 Revenue Analysis"

Articles and Online Sources

  • "How ASML Got EUV", Construction Physics (Substack)
  • "ASML: A Monopoly on Magic", The Generalist
  • "ASML's Supply Chain — Bill of Materials Analysis", Entropy Capital
  • "Why ASML Is the EU's Most Important Bargaining Chip", IEP Bocconi
  • "ASML Blocked from Exporting Some Critical Chipmaking Tools to China", CNBC (January 2024)
  • "Eindhoven City Council Greenlights ASML Expansion", NL Times (March 2026)
  • → For sources on the Dutch Golden Age, see Chapter 1

Chapter 8 — The Nickel LadderIndonesia

Reports and Data

  • USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 — Nickel (pubs.usgs.gov)
  • USITC, "Indonesia's Export Ban of Nickel" (Working Paper)
  • CSIS, "Indonesia's Nickel Industrial Strategy"
  • ADB, "Development Miracle or Middle-Income Trap?" (2025)
  • Transparency International, 2024 Corruption Perceptions Index — Indonesia

Articles and Online Sources

  • "Indonesia's Nickel Strategy Proved to Be a 'Great Success'", Fortune (March 2025)
  • "Nickel Nationalism Holds Back Indonesia's Clean Tech Ambitions", East Asia Forum (March 2026)
  • "Indonesia's Belt and Road High-Speed Railway Debacle", Foreign Policy (November 2025)
  • "Indonesia Looks to Avoid the 'Middle-Income Trap'", CNBC (September 2024)
  • "LG Exits USD 8 Billion EV Battery Project in Indonesia", Business Indonesia
  • "Inside Nusantara, Indonesia's $29 Billion New Capital Plagued by Delays", Bloomberg (2024)
  • "South Korea Overtakes US, Japan in FDI to Indonesia", Jakarta Post (July 2024)
  • "Indonesia's Prabowo Steers Strategic Middle Path Amid China, US Rivalry", Al Jazeera (December 2024)

Chapter 9 — A Pivot on SandThe UAE

Reports and Data

  • ADIA, 2024 Annual Review (adia.ae)
  • Mubadala, 2024 Annual Review (mubadala.com)
  • SWF Institute, Global Sovereign Wealth Fund Rankings 2025

Articles and Online Sources

  • "Abu Dhabi Reshapes Finance, Energy, AI with Trillion-Dollar Wealth Fund", Bloomberg (2025)
  • "Mubadala Asset Base Grows to $326bn on AI and Future-Focused Investments", The National (May 2025)
  • "Microsoft and US Join AI Forces in UAE Deal to Elbow Out China", Axios (April 2024)
  • "G42's Ties to China Run Deep", The Wire China (December 2023)
  • "Scoop: Advanced AI Chips Cleared for Export to UAE Under Microsoft Deal", Axios (December 2024)
  • "Stargate UAE Launches as Largest AI Campus Beyond US", AIM Congress
  • "UAE's Golden Visa Attracts Western Tech Workers to AI Jobs", Rest of World (2025)
  • "AI Innovation in the UAE: Strategic Use of AI-Specific Regulatory Sandboxes", ORF Middle East

Chapter 10 — The Mirror of the Near FutureJapan

Reports and Data

  • IMF, Japan: Staff Concluding Statement of the 2025 Article IV Mission (February 2025)
  • OECD, Economic Outlook 2025 — Japan
  • IFR, World Robotics Report 2025
  • IBM Newsroom, "IBM and Rapidus Form Strategic Partnership" (December 2022)

Articles and Online Sources

  • "The Lost 30 Years: The Decline of Japan's Semiconductor Industry", Network World
  • "Rapidus — Japan's 2nm Semiconductor Strategy", IEEE Spectrum
  • "Japan's Chip Gambit: Reshaping Supply Chains Amidst US-China Tensions", Financial Content (November 2025)
  • "Japan's Aging Society as a Technological Opportunity", Carnegie Endowment (October 2024)
  • "Japan's Economic Security Strategy Looks Beyond the United States", East Asia Forum (June 2025)
  • "The South Korea-Japan Trade Dispute in Context", USITC Working Paper
  • "Japanese and Korean Giants — Understanding the Nature of Keiretsu and Chaebol", Intralink (August 2024)
  • Atlantic Council, "How Japanese Economic Statecraft Has Shifted from Promotion to Protection"

Chapter 11 — Chips and BatteriesKorea's Two Wings

Reports and Data

  • Statista, "DRAM Manufacturer Market Share — Quarterly"
  • Statista, "NAND Flash Manufacturer Market Share"
  • SNE Research, "Global EV Battery Usage — Full Year 2024"
  • NIST, Samsung Electronics CHIPS Act subsidy award details (nist.gov)
  • NIST, SK hynix Indiana CHIPS incentive (nist.gov)
  • IEA, Global Critical Minerals Outlook 2025

Articles and Online Sources

  • "SK Hynix Holds 62% of HBM; Micron Overtakes Samsung", Astute Group (2026)
  • "Samsung to Invest 450 Tril. Won Over Next 5 Years", Korea Times (November 2025)
  • "VEU Cancellation Puts Samsung and SK Hynix in Limbo", EE Times
  • "China Charges Ahead as South Korea's Battery Giants Lose Their Spark", Rest of World (2025)
  • "South Korea's Battery Industry Faces Challenges", Korea Economic Institute (KEIA)
  • "Korean Battery-Makers Operate at Half Capacity", Korea Herald
  • "POSCO Future M Breaks with China in Cathode Supply Chain", KED Global (2025)
  • "From Mines to Motors, China Dominates Electric Vehicles", CEPA
  • "What the New IRA Guidance Means for Korean EV Suppliers", KEIA

Chapter 12 — Slow Institutions, Shrinking Population

Reports and Data

  • Statistics Korea (KOSIS), 2024 Birth and Death Statistics
  • Statistics Korea (KOSIS), Population Projections
  • OECD, Korea's Unborn Future (2024)
  • OECD, Society at a Glance 2024
  • PMC/NIH, "The Predetermined Future: Tackling South Korea's Total Fertility Rate Crisis" (2025)

Articles and Online Sources

  • National Law Information Center (law.go.kr), "Framework Act on Artificial Intelligence Advancement and Trustworthy AI Foundation (인공지능 발전과 신뢰 기반 조성 등에 관한 기본법)"
  • Cooley Law, "South Korea's AI Basic Act: Overview and Key Takeaways" (January 2026)
  • "South Korea Delays Crypto Capital Gains Tax to 2027", The Paypers
  • "South Korea's Migrant Workers Trapped in a Legal Cage", East Asia Forum (October 2025)
  • "As South Korea's Population Falls, Its Military Is Shrinking", CNN (August 2025)
  • "Declining Demographics Challenge South Korea's Defense", CNA (August 2024)
  • "Israel's Exceptional Fertility", Taub Center (2024)
  • Migration Policy Institute, "Immigration Systems in Japan and South Korea"

Chapter 13 — The Shadow of K-PowerThe Structural Limits of the Chaebol

Reports and Data

  • Korea Creative Content Agency / KOCCA (한국콘텐츠진흥원), official Korean content industry statistics
  • UNCTAD, "K-Content Goes Global" (ditctsce2023d3, 2023)
  • PGP Capital, K-Pop Industry Overview Fall 2023
  • CSET Georgetown, "Assessing South Korea's AI Ecosystem"
  • WIPO, Global Innovation Index 2025

Articles and Online Sources

  • "Korea's Top 4 Conglomerates Take Up 40% of GDP in 2023", Korea Times (2024)
  • "Chaebol Owners Use Tiny Stakes to Control Business Empires", Korea Herald
  • "South Korea's Chaebol Challenge", Council on Foreign Relations
  • "KEIA — THAAD Impact on Hallyu Exports to China"
  • "The Paradox of the Prestige Economy: How Chaebols Drive Youth Unemployment", The Generation
  • "Korea Sees Brain Drain of AI Talent amid Low Wage Premium", Korea Times (December 2025)
  • "Naver Debuts HyperCLOVA X LLM", The Register (April 2024)
  • "Hyundai Motor Group & NVIDIA Collaboration", NVIDIA Newsroom
  • Carnegie Endowment, "The Case for South Korean Soft Power" (2020)

Chapter 14 — The DisplacedThe Human Face of Korea's Structural Transition

Reports and Data

  • KDI (Korea Development Institute / 한국개발연구원), "Changes in the Labor Market Due to Artificial Intelligence and Policy Directions"
  • KLI (Korea Labor Institute / 한국노동연구원), "The Entry of AI into Human Resources Relations and Labor Law Issues"
  • OECD, International Migration Outlook 2025 — Korea

Articles and Online Sources

  • "The AI Economic Fix for Population Decline", AEI
  • "Humanity's Great Fight for the Future: Demographics vs. AI", AEI
  • "South Korea's Shrinking Military: A Golden Opportunity for Defense Tech Automation", AInvest (August 2025)
  • Korea Enterprises Federation statement (fki.or.kr)
  • KCI, "Analysis of the Patterns and Causes of Legislative Gridlock in the National Assembly"

Chapter 15 — The Great TransitionSupply-Chain Realignment and AI Sovereignty

Reports and Data

  • IMF, "The Price of De-Risking" (Working Paper, 2024)
  • McKinsey, "Sovereign AI: Building Ecosystems for Strategic Resilience and Impact"
  • WEF, "Sovereign AI — What It Is, and 6 Ways States Are Building It" (2024)
  • Federal Register, "Framework for Artificial Intelligence Diffusion" (January 15, 2025)
  • Congress.gov CRS, "U.S. Export Controls and China: Advanced Semiconductors" (R48642)
  • IEA, Energy and AI Report (2025)
  • Goldman Sachs, "AI Infrastructure Buildout Report" (2025)

Articles and Online Sources

  • "Friendshoring, Nearshoring, Reshoring — How the US Trade Relationship with China Is Evolving", Stanford FSI
  • "USMCA and Nearshoring", Brookings Institution
  • "Apple Boosts iPhone Production in India to 25%", Business Today (March 2026)
  • "Samsung's Revenue Makes Up 13% of Vietnam's GDP in 2024", The Investor
  • "Is South Korea De-Risking?", Peterson Institute for International Economics (PIIE, 2024)
  • "South Korea's Chip Exports to Taiwan and Vietnam Rise in 2024 as China's Share Falls", TrendForce (January 2025)
  • "Naver, LG, SK, NC, Upstage Named to Build Sovereign AI Model", KED Global (August 2025)
  • "AWS & SK Group to Deliver US$5bn Data Centre in South Korea", Data Centre Magazine
  • "Amazon, X-energy, KHNP, and Doosan — $50B Nuclear Push for AI Data Centers", Carbon Credits

Chapter 16 — The Five Conditions of IndispensabilityKorea's Scorecard

Reports and Data

  • SEMI, "Global Semiconductor Equipment Sales Forecast 2027"
  • Bloomberg NEF, Battery Price Survey 2025
  • OECD, AI Policy Observatory 2025 (oecd.ai)
  • World Bank, Indonesia Economic Update 2025

Articles and Online Sources

  • "How TSMC and ASML Monopolize the World", Techovedas
  • "Monopsony and TSMC", Chipstrat
  • "Singapore Must Shift from State-Led Expansion to Productivity-Led Growth", Atlantic Council
  • "Israel's Defense Tech Ecosystem", Startup Nation Central
  • "SK On Accelerates Solid-State EV Battery Timeline — Targets 2029 Commercialization", Battery Tech Online
  • "Samsung Biologics Sidesteps CDMO Industry Trend with 23% Growth in 2024", Fierce Pharma
  • "WIPO Global Innovation Index 2025 — Korea Ranking"
  • → For the historical analysis framework, see Chapters 1 and 3

Chapter 17 — The Strategy of the DiscerningAn Action Plan for Nations and Individuals

Reports and Data

  • This chapter is based on a synthesis of the series' complete research base (R-06 through R-25).
  • TSMC, 2024 Annual Report
  • SWF Institute, Global Sovereign Wealth Fund Rankings 2025
  • Morgan Stanley, "EV/Battery Sector Outlook 2025"
  • Cambridge Associates, "A US-China Trade Deal Would Show Desire for Gradual Strategic De-Risking" (2025)

Articles and Online Sources

  • "TSMC vs. ASML: Which Semiconductor Stock to Buy in 2026?", The Motley Fool (December 2025)
  • "Korea Investment Corporation Reports $232 Billion AUM", Caproasia (February 2026)
  • "The Sovereign AI Debate and Prospects of 'Korean' AI", Korea Economic Institute (KEIA)
  • "South Korea's NPS Pivots to Sustainability, Dials Up Risks", Top1000funds.com (March 2025)

Epilogue — Reading from the In-Between

Articles and Online Sources

  • "South Korea Weighs Its Strengths Amidst US-China Tech Competition", DigiChina / Stanford (2025)
  • "Navigating the AI Cold War: Korean Semiconductor Strategy", Korea Plus (2026)
  • "Standards Are the New Frontier in US-China AI Competition", East Asia Forum (February 2026)
  • "China's 5-Year Plan Has Moved Beyond the Chip War — Washington Hasn't Noticed", The Diplomat (March 2026)

Common References

Core Books

  • Chris Miller, Chip War (Scribner, 2022) [Korean edition: Buki, 2023]
  • Peter Zeihan, The End of the World Is Just the Beginning (김앤김북스 Korean edition, 2023)
  • Russell Shorto, Amsterdam: A History of the World's Most Liberal City (Doubleday, 2013)

Periodical Publications of International Organizations

  • IMF, World Economic Outlook (annual)
  • World Bank, Worldwide Governance Indicators (annual)
  • OECD, Main Science and Technology Indicators (annual)
  • OECD, PISA Results (biennial)
  • WIPO, Global Innovation Index (annual)
  • UNCTAD, World Investment Report (annual)
  • IEA, World Energy Balances (annual)
  • UN Population Division, World Population Prospects (biennial)

Korea Core Data

  • Statistics Korea (KOSIS), various national statistics (kosis.kr)
  • Bank of Korea, economic statistics (bok.or.kr)
  • Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy, trade statistics
  • Ministry of Science and ICT, AI and semiconductor policy documents

Geopolitical Analysis Institutions

  • RAND Corporation (rand.org)
  • CSIS — Center for Strategic and International Studies (csis.org)
  • Brookings Institution (brookings.edu)
  • Council on Foreign Relations (cfr.org)
  • Korea Economic Institute of America / KEIA (keia.org)
  • Peterson Institute for International Economics / PIIE (piie.com)
  • Lowy Institute (lowyinstitute.org)

Semiconductor and Technology Industry Data

  • TrendForce (trendforce.com)
  • Counterpoint Research (counterpointresearch.com)
  • SEMI (semi.org)
  • SNE Research (sneresearch.com) — battery market
  • Statista (statista.com)